{
  "run_date": "2026-07-11",
  "topic": "2026 flight power-bank rules and traveler confusion",
  "research_window": "Public web research performed 2026-07-11 Asia/Shanghai; recent evidence prioritized, with older official rules retained where still operative.",
  "counts": {"valid_pages":31,"source_families":14,"countries_or_language_regions":7,"official_or_primary_pages":15,"pages_published_in_2026":23,"current_live_policy_pages_without_visible_date":4,"pages_within_30_days_or_current_live_policy":12},
  "queries": [
    "July 2026 airline power bank rules carry on official IATA FAA EASA CAAC",
    "site:iata.org passenger baggage batteries power banks 2026",
    "site:faa.gov power banks lithium batteries passengers baggage 2026",
    "site:lufthansa.com power banks onboard January 2026 official",
    "site:singaporeair.com power bank April 2026 official",
    "site:aa.com power bank May 2026 official policy",
    "site:mlit.go.jp power bank April 2026 flight official English Japan",
    "site:casa.gov.au power banks flights passenger baggage official",
    "site:caac.gov.cn 充电宝 2026 民航 国内航班 新规",
    "power bank flight rules 2026 site:reddit.com",
    "power bank airline rules 2026 site:x.com",
    "power bank flight rules 2026 site:producthunt.com",
    "site:amazon.com power bank airline approved 100Wh 2026",
    "site:ebay.com power bank airline approved 100Wh",
    "site:etsy.com power bank travel airline",
    "site:taobao.com 充电宝 3C 民航 100Wh",
    "site:goofish.com 充电宝 3C 登机",
    "site:mp.weixin.qq.com 充电宝 登机 新规 2026",
    "site:youtube.com/watch power bank flight rules 2026",
    "site:instagram.com power bank flight 2026"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {"id":1,"family":"ICAO","region":"Global","official":true,"published":"2026-03-27","query":"2026 global power bank restrictions official","url":"https://www.icao.int/news/new-power-bank-restrictions-will-safeguard-international-aviation","access_status":"accessible","signal":"ICAO limited power banks to two per passenger and prohibited recharging them during flights, effective 27 March 2026.","limitations":"Global baseline; airlines and states may add stricter rules."},
    {"id":2,"family":"IATA","region":"Global","official":true,"published":null,"query":"IATA safe travel lithium batteries 2026","url":"https://www.iata.org/en/youandiata/travelers/batteries","access_status":"accessible","signal":"IATA survey found 45% incorrectly thought power banks could go in hold baggage and 33% were unsure about larger-battery limits.","limitations":"Survey methodology details were not reproduced in the page extract."},
    {"id":3,"family":"IATA","region":"Global","official":true,"published":"2026-06","query":"IATA 2026 power banks hold baggage discussion paper","url":"https://www.iata.org/contentassets/1998554ac6624b97a2de8418938eaade/2026-discussion-paper-on-security-implications-with-power-banks-in-hold-baggage.pdf","access_status":"accessible","signal":"June 2026 paper describes hold-baggage power-bank risk and the March 2026 ICAO amendment.","limitations":"Industry discussion paper, not a passenger-specific airline acceptance guarantee."},
    {"id":4,"family":"IATA","region":"Global","official":true,"published":"2026-03-31","query":"IATA passengers travelling with lithium batteries 2026 PDF","url":"https://www.iata.org/contentassets/6fea26dd84d24b26a7a1fd5788561d6e/passengers_travelling_with_lithium_batteries.pdf","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Current 2026 passenger guidance centralizes labeling, quantity, Wh and packing rules.","limitations":"Airline-specific exceptions still require direct confirmation."},
    {"id":5,"family":"FAA","region":"United States","official":true,"published":"2026-04-13","query":"site:faa.gov power banks lithium batteries passengers baggage 2026","url":"https://www.faa.gov/hazmat/packsafe/lithium-batteries","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Power banks are carry-on only; 100 Wh general limit; up to two 101–160 Wh batteries may travel with airline approval.","limitations":"FAA explicitly says airlines may be stricter."},
    {"id":6,"family":"FAA","region":"United States","official":true,"published":"2026-02-19","query":"FAA 2026 before packing flight power bank calculator","url":"https://www.faa.gov/blog/clearedfortakeoff/packing-flight-read-fine-print","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Recent FAA passenger article highlights carry-on-only handling and Wh calculation.","limitations":"General U.S. guidance, not an airline policy."},
    {"id":7,"family":"EASA","region":"European Union","official":true,"published":"2025-06-04","query":"site:easa.europa.eu lithium battery power bank passenger baggage","url":"https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/newsroom-and-events/press-releases/easa-publishes-new-recommendations-managing-risks-lithium","access_status":"accessible","signal":"EASA recommends power banks be monitored, not checked, and not used to charge devices in flight.","limitations":"Pre-dates ICAO's March 2026 quantity change; retained for EU risk-handling guidance."},
    {"id":8,"family":"CAAC","region":"Mainland China","official":true,"published":"2026-04-01","query":"site:caac.gov.cn 充电宝 2026 民航 新规","url":"https://www.caac.gov.cn/XWZX/GJZX/202604/t20260401_230400.html","access_status":"accessible","signal":"CAAC reported ICAO's urgent 2026 technical amendment for stricter power-bank controls.","limitations":"High-level announcement; passenger specifics cross-checked with other CAAC pages."},
    {"id":9,"family":"CAAC","region":"Mainland China","official":true,"published":"2025-06-26","query":"CAAC 3C power bank domestic flights official","url":"https://www.caac.gov.cn/XWZX/MHYW/202506/t20250626_227805.html","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Domestic flights prohibit power banks with no/unclear CCC mark or recalled model/batch.","limitations":"Domestic mainland flights only; airports may apply operational checks."},
    {"id":10,"family":"MLIT Japan","region":"Japan","official":true,"published":"2026-04-14","query":"site:mlit.go.jp power bank April 2026 flight official","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/kouku10_hh_000310.html","access_status":"accessible","signal":"From 24 April 2026 Japan limits passengers to two power banks up to 160 Wh and prohibits in-flight charging in either direction.","limitations":"Individual airlines may be stricter."},
    {"id":11,"family":"MLIT Japan","region":"Japan","official":true,"published":"2026-04-14","query":"Japan 2026 power bank passenger poster English","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/content/001998101.pdf","access_status":"accessible","signal":"English passenger poster gives Wh formula, no-overhead storage, two-unit maximum and no-use rules.","limitations":"One-page summary; airline instructions prevail."},
    {"id":12,"family":"CASA Australia","region":"Australia","official":true,"published":"2025-09","query":"site:casa.gov.au power banks flights passenger baggage official","url":"https://www.casa.gov.au/packright/resources/social-media-resources","access_status":"accessible","signal":"CASA emphasizes carry-on-only, gate-check removal and risk of missing flights when packed incorrectly.","limitations":"Educational resource; carrier limits must still be checked."},
    {"id":13,"family":"Singapore Airlines","region":"Singapore / global","official":true,"published":null,"query":"site:singaporeair.com power bank April 2026 official","url":"https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/it/travel-info/baggage/baggage-restrictions/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Maximum two, no use or charging, no overhead storage; 101–160 Wh requires prior approval and certification.","limitations":"Live policy page has no visible publication date."},
    {"id":14,"family":"Lufthansa","region":"European Union","official":true,"published":null,"query":"site:lufthansa.com power banks onboard 2026 official","url":"https://www.lufthansa.com/er/en/prepare-for-your-trip/baggage/electronic-devices-and-batteries","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Maximum two, no use or charging, no overhead storage; above 100 Wh to 160 Wh requires transport approval.","limitations":"Live policy page has no visible publication date; a second locale timed out before an alternate locale loaded."},
    {"id":15,"family":"American Airlines","region":"United States","official":true,"published":null,"query":"site:aa.com power bank 2026 official policy","url":"https://www.aa.com/i18n/travel-info/baggage/restricted-items.jsp","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Current portable-charger section limits passengers to two units of 100 Wh or less and requires visibility/access during use.","limitations":"Dynamic accordion content; policy should be rechecked before departure."},
    {"id":16,"family":"Reddit","region":"United States / Europe","official":false,"published":"2026-07-04","query":"power bank rules Lufthansa United Reddit July 2026","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/unitedairlines/comments/1ujy7us/question_about_power_bank_rules/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Traveler could not find a current cross-airline overview and asked about a United/Lufthansa itinerary.","limitations":"User-generated question; not a rule source."},
    {"id":17,"family":"Reddit","region":"Vietnam","official":false,"published":"2026-06-25","query":"Vietnam power bank July 2026 Reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/VietNam/comments/1ufif4o/vietnam_to_require_removal_of_power_banks_from/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Recent discussion focused on Vietnam's July 1 rule and removing power banks from carry-on bags for inspection/access.","limitations":"Community repost; official Vietnamese page was not located in accessible English results."},
    {"id":18,"family":"Reddit","region":"United States","official":false,"published":"2026-07-01","query":"Reddit TSA power banks rules change constantly 2026","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/tsa/comments/1ukf3nm/power_banks/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Recent traveler explicitly noted rules change by airline and asked for practical interpretation.","limitations":"Community advice; not authoritative."},
    {"id":19,"family":"Reddit","region":"Egypt / global","official":false,"published":"2026-07-02","query":"EgyptAir Anker power bank banned Reddit 2026","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/powerbanks/comments/1u7jlsc/anker_powerbanks_banned_on_egyptair/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Recent confusion over whether a brand or current IATA restrictions caused rejection.","limitations":"Low-engagement anecdote; used only as confusion signal."},
    {"id":20,"family":"Reddit","region":"Philippines / Asia","official":false,"published":"2026-06-27","query":"airplane safe powerbank Philippines Reddit 2026","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Tech_Philippines/comments/1ugwhgz/airplane_safe_powerbank/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Traveler uncertainty combined Wh, airline, CCC-label and brand-safety questions.","limitations":"Community discussion; facts cross-checked against official pages."},
    {"id":21,"family":"Associated Press","region":"Global / United States","official":false,"published":"2026-06-03","query":"2026 power bank flight rules current reporting","url":"https://apnews.com/article/flight-travel-battery-charger-747fbcfbce26b0271932acc01bcda875","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Current explainer followed tightened rules and a flight diversion, and repeated the need to check individual airlines.","limitations":"Secondary reporting."},
    {"id":22,"family":"T3","region":"United Kingdom","official":false,"published":"2026-07-08","query":"latest power bank flight advice July 2026","url":"https://www.t3.com/home-living/travel/can-you-take-a-power-bank-on-a-flight-yes-and-heres-how-to-do-it-safely","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Very recent consumer article shows active demand for a plain-language capacity and packing explanation.","limitations":"Commercial publication with shopping links."},
    {"id":23,"family":"TechRadar","region":"Australia / global","official":false,"published":"2026-07-03","query":"best power banks Australia 2026 flight ban update","url":"https://www.techradar.com/au/news/top-portable-chargers","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Recent buyer guide added a July 2026 in-flight ban update covering many airlines and regions.","limitations":"Commercial editorial; rule details verified against official pages."},
    {"id":24,"family":"Forbes","region":"Global / United Kingdom","official":false,"published":"2026-05-26","query":"power bank fires airlines tightening rules 2026","url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/barrycollins/2026/05/26/power-banks-on-planes-how-long-before-theyre-banned/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Reports ongoing incidents and UK authority concern about low-quality products.","limitations":"Secondary reporting and outside 30-day priority window."},
    {"id":25,"family":"Android Authority","region":"United States","official":false,"published":"2026-04-09","query":"Southwest new power bank limit April 2026","url":"https://www.androidauthority.com/southwest-new-power-bank-limit-3656235/","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Carrier-specific tightening demonstrates why a universal generic answer is insufficient.","limitations":"Secondary reporting; carrier page should prevail."},
    {"id":26,"family":"Anker","region":"United Kingdom / global","official":false,"published":"2026-05","query":"Anker 2026 power bank flight rules","url":"https://www.anker.com/uk/blogs/power-banks/can-you-take-a-power-bank-on-an-airplane","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Manufacturer guidance tells travelers to bring no more than two under 100 Wh and recheck airline rules.","limitations":"Commercial manufacturer content; not a regulator."},
    {"id":27,"family":"UGREEN","region":"United Kingdom / European Union","official":false,"published":"2026-01-27","query":"UGREEN UK 2026 power bank airplane size","url":"https://uk.ugreen.com/blogs/power-bank/what-size-power-bank-in-mah-is-allowed-on-planes","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Manufacturer content converts mAh/Wh for travelers, confirming demand for the calculation step.","limitations":"Commercial manufacturer content."},
    {"id":28,"family":"Amazon Seller Forums","region":"European Union / United States","official":false,"published":"2026-02","query":"Amazon power bank compliance confusion 2026","url":"https://sellercentral-europe.amazon.com/seller-forums/discussions/t/e3c9a8bc-5f21-43eb-8881-769928aa99ca","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Seller reports conflicting certification-document workflows for power banks; Amazon replies require approved third-party testing.","limitations":"Seller-side compliance issue, not passenger baggage policy."},
    {"id":29,"family":"eBay","region":"United States","official":false,"published":"2025-11","query":"site:ebay.com power bank airline approved 100Wh","url":"https://www.ebay.com/itm/145752574341","access_status":"accessible","signal":"A 98 Wh product is marketed as travel-friendly while still telling buyers to check airline policy; 102 sold shows purchase interest.","limitations":"Seller claim; no independent certification inferred."},
    {"id":30,"family":"Etsy","region":"United Kingdom / global","official":false,"published":"2026-06","query":"site:etsy.com power bank travel airline","url":"https://www.etsy.com/listing/1715985034/away-suitcase-usb-c-battery-replacement","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Recent battery adapter listing illustrates removable smart-luggage batteries and travel-device integration.","limitations":"Marketplace listing; not evidence of airline acceptance."},
    {"id":31,"family":"Product Hunt","region":"Global","official":false,"published":"2026-01-18","query":"site:producthunt.com offline travel organizer 2026","url":"https://www.producthunt.com/products/movens","access_status":"accessible","signal":"Offline, account-free travel utility ranked #4 of the day, supporting privacy-first on-device travel workflows.","limitations":"Adjacent product demand rather than power-bank-rule demand."}
  ],
  "access_gaps": [
    {"source":"Google Search","attempt":"Direct result page for 'power bank flight rules 2026'","status":"access_limited","detail":"Search-result URL was rejected as unsafe to open; Google Trends public page loaded but no term-specific export was claimed."},
    {"source":"Bing","attempt":"Direct result page","status":"access_limited","detail":"Search-result URL was rejected as unsafe to open; web search results were still used to reach direct source pages."},
    {"source":"Baidu","attempt":"Direct 2026 充电宝登机新规 result page","status":"access_limited","detail":"Search-result URL was rejected as unsafe to open; direct CAAC Chinese pages were accessible and used instead."},
    {"source":"X","attempt":"Air India and SERNAC public posts","status":"indexed_only","detail":"Search index exposed post text, but direct opens returned empty bodies; not counted among 31 valid pages."},
    {"source":"YouTube","attempt":"2026 power bank flight rules queries","status":"no_valid_result","detail":"No directly usable public result was returned; no video was claimed as reviewed."},
    {"source":"Instagram","attempt":"2026 power bank flight queries","status":"no_valid_result","detail":"No directly usable public result was returned; no public page was claimed as reviewed."},
    {"source":"WeChat public articles","attempt":"site:mp.weixin.qq.com 充电宝 登机 新规 2026","status":"no_valid_result","detail":"No usable public article result was returned."},
    {"source":"Taobao","attempt":"充电宝 3C 民航 100Wh","status":"access_limited","detail":"No usable public listing result was returned without platform context."},
    {"source":"Xianyu / Goofish","attempt":"充电宝 3C 登机","status":"access_limited","detail":"Public search shell loaded but product results were absent and login was suggested; not counted."},
    {"source":"Amazon retail best sellers","attempt":"Power-bank best-seller page","status":"direct_fetch_failed","detail":"Indexed snippet was visible, direct open failed; not counted. Amazon Seller Forums page was accessible and counted separately."}
  ],
  "cross_checks": [
    {"claim":"Carry-on only and no checked baggage","families":["FAA","IATA","EASA","CAAC","CASA","airlines"]},
    {"claim":"Two-unit 2026 quantity ceiling","families":["ICAO","MLIT Japan","Singapore Airlines","Lufthansa","American Airlines"]},
    {"claim":"100 Wh normal threshold and 101–160 Wh approval band","families":["FAA","IATA","Singapore Airlines","Lufthansa","CAAC"]},
    {"claim":"Travelers face current confusion and rule fragmentation","families":["IATA passenger survey","Reddit","Associated Press","T3","TechRadar"]},
    {"claim":"Privacy-first offline travel tools have demand","families":["Product Hunt","community comments","current product pattern"]}
  ]
}